![]() ![]() On the other hand, these training programmes raise concerns in society and future athletes regarding safety and likelihood of causing injuries or illnesses. ![]() Health benefits of ECPs are still underpinned by the integrated use of the most recent and major fitness trends, such as high-intensity interval training, group training, weight training, strength training and functional fitness, 9 which have demonstrated strong evidence of improved cardiovascular health and improved insulin sensitivity and dyslipidaemias, in addition to functional fitness. 8 That is, there is still little scientific evidence to support the use of this type of programmes in the general population to improve physical fitness and health and, in addition, there are doubts about the safety of these exercises. However, the increased acceptance is reinforced through anecdotal reports of gains in physical fitness and performance. In addition, ECPs allow the participants to perform the exercises at locations other than gyms, also attracting individuals who are not adapted to traditional fitness centres. 5 6 There is a great number of individuals performing this type of physical exercises, from apparently healthy to even obese individuals 7 or, as it is being popularised, by an adapted population. Nowadays, these physical conditioning programmes are well-marketed and popularised, mainly due to their motivational and challenging character, which contributes to an exponential increase in the number of practitioners. According to Glassman 4-one of the founders of one type of world-renowned ECPs (CrossFit)-the goal with this type of training is to acquire a broad, comprehensive and inclusive fitness that will best prepare practitioners for any physical contingency. 1–3 These exercises are vigorous and physically demanding. 1–3 ECPs are characterised by a high training volume, including a variety of exercises performed at high-intensity and, often, at a fixed time to perform a number of repetitions or a specific task in the shortest possible time, with or without short rest periods between the series. ECPs (eg, CrossFit, Insanity, Gym Jones and others) often consist of a variety of training methods such as resistance training with kettlebells and barbells, repeated gym bodyweight exercises, explosive movements, sprints and flexibility. ![]() In the scientific literature, the current chronic effects of ECPs showed little or no effects on body composition and improvements in physical fitness and psychological parameters however, further studies are important.Ī relatively new form of exercise referred to as ‘extreme conditioning programmes’ (ECPs) is currently being marketed to a wide, active (athletes, military) and inactive population. Additionally, ECP sessions resulted in increased acute oxidative, metabolic and cardiovascular stress, and depending on the stimulus (intensity, duration and non-usual exercise) and training status of the practitioner, an ECP session may precipitate rhabdomyolysis. The majority of the available evidence confirm that the estimated injury rate among athletes participating in ECPs is similar to that in weightlifting and most other recreational activities. In this article, we review the prevalence and incidence of injuries, rhabdomyolysis, physiological responses and chronic adaptations to ECPs. While the popularity and number of practitioners of ECPs are growing, a debate has been established between what is observed in the scientific literature and anecdotal reports from athletes, coaches and physicians about safety (incidence and prevalence of injuries and rhabdomyolysis) and benefits (physical and mental health). Extreme conditioning programmes (ECPs, eg, CrossFit, Insanity and Gym Jones) are a growing fitness regimen characterised by functional movements performed at high-intensity and with constantly varying movements. ![]()
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